‘X Journalism’. Exploring journalism’s diverse meanings through the names we give it

In this article we propose the notion of X Journalism as an observational tool and concept. It owes its existence to a simple observation: the evolution of journalism is accompanied by the emergence of ever-new journalism-related terms, i.e. combinations of the word ‘journalism’ with a particular modifying term that represents and signals a certain specificity and novelty. Examples include ‘robot journalism’, ‘foundation- funded journalism’, ‘cross-border journalism’, or ‘solutions journalism’ – just to name a few. To date, we have collected and mapped 166 X journalisms and have ‘crowd- categorized’ them into clusters according to the different aspects they refer to. We explore X Journalism as a concept, present our mapping, and show how it can help to cope with journalism’s increasing complexity, grasp the diversity of the field, trace its constant evolution, as well as identify patterns and interrelations between these different movements and occurrences. Through a test case of audience-related X journalisms we demonstrate an empirical application before illustrating the theoretical compatibility of X Journalism and suggesting a research agenda that highlights potentials for X Journalism-driven studies.<br/

Sukupuoli peruskoulun ja perusopetuksen opetussuunnitelmien perusteissa

Tiivistelmä. Tämä kandidaatintutkielma käsittelee sitä, miten sukupuolta on tutkimuskirjallisuuden mukaan käsitelty suomalaisissa peruskoulun ja perusopetuksen opetussuunnitelmien perusteissa. Aihetta on tutkittu vain vähän, joten uuden tutkimuksen tekeminen on tarpeellista. Aiheemme valikoitumiseen on vaikuttanut kiinnostuksemme sukupuolivastuulliseen ja tasa-arvoa edistävään kasvatukseen, sekä sen toimeenpanoa peruskouluissa velvoittaviin tekijöihin. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on lisätä tietoa niistä rakenteista, jotka vaikuttavat oppilaiden kuvan sukupuolesta muotoutumiseen, ja jotka ovat näin myös rakentamassa sukupuolta ilmiönä. Tutkimuskysymyksemme on: Miten sukupuolta on tutkimuskirjallisuuden perusteella käsitelty suomalaisissa vuosien 1985 ja 1994 peruskoulun opetussuunnitelmien perusteissa sekä vuosien 2004 ja 2014 perusopetuksen opetussuunnitelmien perusteissa? Tutkimusta tarkentavat ja syventävät alakysymyksemme ovat: 1. Millä tavoin peruskoulun ja perusopetuksen opetussuunnitelmien perusteet heijastelevat sukupuolen essentialistisia ja toisaalta sosiokulttuurisesta rakentuneisuudesta lähteviä teorioita? 2. Millä tavoin peruskoulun ja perusopetuksen opetussuunnitelmien perusteet heijastelevat sukupuolistavaa, sukupuolineutraalia sekä sukupuolisensitiivistä tai sukupuolivastuullista suhtautumistapaa? Tutkimus on toteutettu systemaattisena ja narratiivisena kirjallisuuskatsauksena. Lähteitä tutkimuksessa on käytetty monipuolisesti sekä kriittisesti valikoiden. Suomalaiset peruskoulun ja perusopetuksen opetussuunnitelmien perusteet ovat merkittävimpiä peruskouluopetusta ohjanneista ja ohjaavista asiakirjoista, eikä ole yhdentekevää, kuinka sukupuoli niissä näyttäytyy. Opetussuunnitelmien perusteita voidaan tarkastella asiakirjana, joka on vaikuttamassa oppilaiden kuvaan sukupuolesta, mutta tutkimuskirjallisuuden mukaan vuosien 1985, 1994 sekä 2004 opetussuunnitelmatekstit eivät vaikuta ottavan tätä vaikutusvaltaansa juuri millään tavoin huomioon. Opetussuunnitelmatekstit ovat pääasiassa sukupuolineutraalisti kirjoitettuja asiakirjoja, mutta myös joitain poikkeamia tästä neutraaliudesta on löydetty. Sukupuolta suomalaisissa opetussuunnitelmissa on tutkittu verrattain vähän ja noista tutkimuksista vielä mikään ei ole kohdistunut tuoreimpiin, vuonna 2014 julkaistuihin perusopetuksen opetussuunnitelman perusteisiin. Aiomme jatkotutkimuksena tälle kandidaatintutkielmalle tutkia pro gradu -tutkimuksessamme sukupuolta peruskoulun ja perusopetuksen opetussuunnitelman perusteissa tähän teoreettiseen viitekehykseen nojaten

Re-imagining Crisis Reporting : Professional ideology of journalists and citizen eyewitness images

This study, based on interviews with journalists representing major news organizations in Finland and Sweden, explores how the professional ideology of journalists is shaped by the international trend of citizen witnessing. Citizen-created photographs and videos that have become a routine feature of mainstream news coverage are approached as a potential force of change that transforms professional imaginaries of journalism vis-a-vis crisis events. From journalists’ lines of thought three interpretative repertoires were identified: resistance, resignation and renewal. Our results hint at a rethinking of the professional norms and roles of journalists.Peer reviewe

Dealing with the mess (we made): Unraveling hybridity, normativity, and complexity in journalism studies

In this article, we discuss the rise and use of the concept of hybridity in journalism studies. Hybridity afforded a meaningful intervention in a discipline that had the tendency to focus on a stabilized and homogeneous understanding of the field. Nonetheless, we now need to reconsider its deployment, as it only partially allows us to address and understand the developments in journalism. We argue that if scholarship is to move forward in a productive manner, we need, rather than denote everything that is complex as hybrid, to develop new approaches to our object of study. Ultimately, this is an open invitation to the field to adopt experientialist, practice-based approaches that help us overcome the ultimately limited binary dualities that have long governed our theoretical and empirical work in the field

‘Friends call me racist’: Experiences of repercussions from writing comments on newspaper websites

acceptedVersio

Environmental mismatch results in emergence of cooperative behavior in a passerine bird

A major problem in the evolution of maternal effects is explaining the origin and persistence of maternally induced phenotypes that lower offspring fitness. Recent work focuses on the relative importance of maternal and offspring selective environments and the mismatch between them. However, an alternative approach is to directly study the origin and performance of offspring phenotypes resulting from mismatch. Here, we capitalize on a detailed understanding of the ecological contexts that provide both the cue and the functional context for expression of maternally induced offspring phenotypes to investigate the consequences of environmental mismatch. In western bluebirds, adaptive integration of offspring dispersal and aggression is induced by maternal competition over nest cavities. When nest cavities are locally abundant, mothers produce nonaggressive offspring that remain in their natal population, and when nest cavities are scarce, mothers produce aggressive dispersers. However, a few offspring neither disperse nor breed locally, instead helping at their parent's nest, and as a result these offspring have unusually low fitness. Here, we investigate whether females produce helpers to increase their own fitness, or whether helpers result from a mismatch between the cues mothers experience during offspring production and the breeding environment that helpers later encounter. We found that producing helpers does not enhance maternal fitness. Instead, we show that helpers, which were the least aggressive of all returning sons in the population, were most common when population density increased from the time sons were produced to the time of their reproductive maturity, suggesting that the helper phenotype emerges when cues of resource competition during offspring development do not match the actual level of competition that offspring experience. Thus, environmental mismatch might explain the puzzling persistence of maternally induced phenotypes that decrease offspring fitness.NSF [DGE-1143953, DEB-918095, DEB-1350107]12 month embargo; published online: 07 March 2018This item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at [email protected]

Multiple Environmental Stressors Induce an Adaptive Maternal Effect

Evolution of adaptation requires predictability and recurrence of functional contexts. Yet organisms live in multifaceted environments that are dynamic and ever changing, making it difficult to understand how complex adaptations evolve. This problem is particularly apparent in the evolution of adaptive maternal effects, which are often assumed to require reliable and discrete cues that predict conditions in the offspring environment. One resolution to this problem is if adaptive maternal effects evolve through preexisting, generalized maternal pathways that respond to many cues and also influence offspring development. Here, we assess whether an adaptive maternal effect in western bluebirds is influenced by maternal stress pathways across multiple challenging environments. Combining 18 years of hormone sampling across diverse environmental contexts with an experimental manipulation of the competitive environment, we show that multiple environmental factors influenced maternal corticosterone levels, which, in turn, influenced a maternal effect on aggression of sons in adulthood. Together, these results support the idea that multiple stressors can induce a known maternal effect in this system. More generally, they suggest that activation of general pathways, such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, may simplify and facilitate the evolution of adaptive maternal effects by integrating variable environmental conditions into preexisting maternal physiological systems.Open access articleThis item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at [email protected]

Turning induced plasticity into refined adaptations during range expansion

Robustness against environmental fluctuations within an adaptive state should preclude exploration of new adaptive states when the environment changes. Here, we study transitions between adaptive associations of feather structure and carotenoid uptake to understand how robustness and evolvability can be reconciled. We show that feather modifications induced by unfamiliar carotenoids during a range expansion are repeatedly converted into precise coadaptations of feather development and carotenoid accommodation as populations persist in a region. We find that this conversion is underlain by a uniform and coordinated increase in the sensitivity of feather development to local carotenoid uptake, indicative of cooption and modification of the homeostatic mechanism that buffers feather growth in the evolution of new adaptations. Stress-buffering mechanisms are well placed to alternate between robustness and evolvability and we suggest that this is particularly evident in adaptations that require close integration between widely fluctuating external inputs and intricate internal structures. Phenotypic robustness to environmental variation is seemingly at odds with evolvability. Here, the authors analyze carotenoid use and accommodation in feather development across a recent avian range expansion and show that cooption of a stress-buffering mechanism can reconcile robustness and evolvability.Open access journalThis item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at [email protected]

Most Colorful Example of Genetic Assimilation? Exploring the Evolutionary Destiny of Recurrent Phenotypic Accommodation

Evolution of adaptation requires both generation of novel phenotypic variation and retention of a locally beneficial subset of this variation. Such retention can be facilitated by genetic assimilation, the accumulation of genetic and molecular mechanisms that stabilize induced phenotypes and assume progressively greater control over their reliable production. A particularly strong inference into genetic assimilation as an evolutionary process requires a system where it is possible to directly evaluate the extent to which an induced phenotype is progressively incorporated into preexisting developmental pathways. Evolution of diet-dependent pigmentation in birds-where external carotenoids are coopted into internal metabolism to a variable degree before being integrated with a feather's developmental processes-provides such an opportunity. Here we combine a metabolic network view of carotenoid evolution with detailed empirical study of feather modifications to show that the effect of physical properties of carotenoids on feather structure depends on their metabolic modification, their environmental recurrence, and biochemical redundancy, as predicted by the genetic assimilation hypothesis. Metabolized carotenoids caused less stochastic variation in feather structure and were more closely integrated with feather growth than were dietary carotenoids of the same molecular weight. These patterns were driven by the recurrence of organism-carotenoid associations: commonly used dietary carotenoids and biochemically redundant derived carotenoids caused less stochastic variation in feather structure than did rarely used or biochemically unique compounds. We discuss implications of genetic assimilation processes for the evolutionary diversification of diet-dependent animal coloration.National Science Foundation; Packard Foundation Fellowship; Galileo Fellowship12 month embargo; Published online: 15 May 2017This item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at [email protected]

takeout gene expression is associated with temporal kin recognition

A key component of parental care is avoiding killing and eating one's own offspring. Many organisms commit infanticide but switch to parental care when their own offspring are expected, known as temporal kin recognition. It is unclear why such types of indirect kin recognition are so common across taxa. One possibility is that temporal kin recognition may evolve through alteration of simple mechanisms, such as co-opting mechanisms that influence the regulation of timing and feeding in other contexts. Here, we determine whether takeout, a gene implicated in coordinating feeding, influences temporal kin recognition in Nicrophorus orbicollis. We found that takeout expression was not associated with non-parental feeding changes resulting from hunger, or a general transition to the full parental care repertoire. However, beetles that accepted and provided care to their offspring had a higher takeout expression than beetles that committed infanticide. Together, these data support the idea that the evolution of temporal kin recognition may be enabled by co-option of mechanisms that integrate feeding behaviour in other contexts